What is the function of the Jugal bone?

What is the function of the Jugal bone?

In mammals, including humans, the jugal bone is more commonly referred to as the zygoma. It assists in constructing the facial contour, protecting the eye from damage, and providing attachment sites for facial muscles.

Do humans have a quadrate?

But mammals today, including humans, use two different bones, called the squamosal and the dentary, to make this connection. Originally the quadrate and articular bones formed the jaw joint, but these synapsids (e.g., Probainognathus) evolved a second pair of bones involved in the jaw articulation.

What is squamosal bone?

The squamosal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In fishes, it is also called the pterotic bone. In most tetrapods, the squamosal and quadratojugal bones form the cheek series of the skull. Posteriorly, the squamosal articulates with the quadrate and pterygoid bones.

Do mammals have a quadrate bone?

In mammals, the quadrate and articular bones have moved into the middle ear (Figure 1). The malleus is derived from the articular bone, whereas the incus originated from the quadrate bone. This arrangement of jaw and ear bones aids in distinguishing fossil mammals from fossils of other synapsids.

What does Jugal mean?

adjective. of or relating to the cheek or the cheekbone. Entomology. pertaining to, involving, or situated near the jugum.

What is a Premaxilla?

: either of a pair of bones of the upper jaw of vertebrates between and in front of the maxillae.

Do all animals have jaws?

In most vertebrates, the jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically, comprising an upper jaw and a lower jaw. The vertebrate jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth.

What animals have hinged jaws?

Amphibians and reptiles (including birds) use the quadrate and articular bones as part of the hinge joint of the jaw.

What is the fate of quadrate bone in middle ear?

In mammals, the articular and quadrate bones have migrated to the middle ear and are known as the malleus and incus. Along with the stapes, these are known as the ossicles and are a defining characteristic of mammals.

Why do mammals have 3 middle ear bones?

The malleus, incus, and stapes—three small bones in the middle ear commonly referred to as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup—help make mammals more sensitive to sound. The bones started out as part of ancient reptilian jaw joints and shifted to their present-day location in the ear as mammals evolved.

Which is the best definition of a quadratojugal?

Definition of quadratojugal (Entry 2 of 2) : a small membrane bone that connects the quadrate and jugal bones on each side of the skull in many lower vertebrates.

How are the jugal and quadratojugal bones related?

The sections of the jugal bar derived from the jugal and quadratojugal articulate with the postorbital and squamosal bones, respectively. This facilitates cranial kinesis, by allowing the quadrate bone to rotate during opening of the upper jaw.

Where is the quadratojugal bone located in a tetrapod?

In animals with a quadratojugal bone, it is typically found connected to the jugal (cheek) bone from the front and the squamosal bone from above. It is usually positioned at the rear lower corner of the cranium. Many modern tetrapods lack a quadratojugal bone as it has been lost of fused to other bones.

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