What is lignosulfonate used for?
Lignosulfonates are used to disperse pesticides, dyes, carbon black, and other insoluble solids and liquids into water. They are used in tanning leather. They are also used to suppress dust on unpaved roads. Oxidation of lignosulfonates from softwood trees produced vanillin (artificial vanilla flavor).
What are the types of drilling fluid?
There are three broad categories of drilling fluids: • Pneumatic fluids, which use compressed air or gas, foam and aerated muds; • WBMs, which use water or brine as the base fluids; and • NAFs, which use oil or other non-aqueous base fluids called OBMs or SBMs.
What is synthetic drilling fluid?
Synthetic-based drilling muds (SBMs) are often used during drilling of deep water and directional wells. The brine is dispersed into the organic phase to form a water-in-organic emulsion which is very stable, as emulsifiers are used to keep water droplets down to less than 1 micron in diameter.
What is invert drilling fluid?
» Invert is an oil-based drilling fluid that is a complex mixture of. hydrocarbons (base oil), water and additives. » Invert is used because it reduces the time to drill a well and the risk. of wellbore problems.
How do you make Lignosulphonate?
There are two main commercial production methods for lignosulfonates and sulfonated lignin….2 Pathways to Produce Lignosulfonates and Sulfonated Lignin
- 2.1 Lignosulfonates from sulfite spent liquor.
- 2.2 Separation of lignosulfonates from sulfite spent liquor.
- 2.3 Sulfonated lignin from kraft black liquor.
What are the three basic components of a drilling fluid?
The three main categories of drilling fluids are: water-based muds (WBs), which can be dispersed and non-dispersed; non-aqueous muds, usually called oil-based muds (OBs); and gaseous drilling fluid, in which a wide range of gases can be used….Minimize impact on environment
- Barite.
- Bentonite.
- Diesel.
- Emulsifiers.
- Water.
What is the most common drilling fluid?
Aqueous drilling fluids, generally referred to as water-base muds, are the most common and the most varied of the three drilling fluid types (Figure 1). They range in composition from simple blends of water and clay to complex inhibitive, or clay stabilizing, drilling fluid systems that include many components.
What is synthetic base mud?
1. n. [Drilling Fluids] Nonaqueous, water-internal (invert) emulsion muds in which the external phase is a synthetic fluid rather than an oil. This and other more minor changes in formulations have made synthetic fluids in muds more environmentally acceptable for offshore use.
What is SBM mud?
Synthetic-based drilling mud (SBM) also known as low toxicity oil-based mud (LTOBM) is an invert emulsion mud with synthetic oil as the external phase instead of oil. This has made SBM’s more environmentally acceptable than oil-based muds for use in offshore drilling in spite of the high initial cost.
What are examples of lignin?
Lignin
- An example of a possible lignin structure.
- The three common monolignols: paracoumaryl alcohol (1), coniferyl alcohol (2) and sinapyl alcohol (3)
- Pulp mill at Blankenstein, Germany.
- Polymerisation of coniferyl alcohol to lignin.
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