What is the counter-ion effect?
A counterion (pronounced as two words, i.e. “counter” “ion”, and sometimes written as two words) is the ion that accompanies an ionic species in order to maintain electric neutrality.
What ions make up the counter-ion layer?
Surrounding the charged particle is a layer of solution, called the counter-ion layer, which contains sufficient excess of negative ions (principally nitrate) to just balance the charge on the surface of the particle. These layers constitute an electric double layer that imparts stability to the colloidal suspension.
What is meant by counter-ion?
: an ion having a charge opposite to that of the substance with which it is associated.
Why are counter ions important?
In a general way, counter-ions can affect the crystallization of coordination polymer products, leading to different coordination structures. In some cases, especially in the assembly of silver(I) coordination polymers [43], the counter-ion can play a key role in the formation of final supramolecular structure.
What is counter ion example?
An ion of opposite charge to a given ion. For example, in a crystal of sodium chloride, the chloride ions can be regarded as counter ions to the sodium ions.
Is a counter ion a spectator ion?
A spectator ion is an ion that does not take part in the chemical reaction and is found in solution both before and after the reaction. In the above reaction, the sodium ion and the nitrate ion are both spectator ions.
What is counter ion binding?
The valency of a counterion plays, for electrostatic reasons, an important role in the binding process. Addition of a divalent ion leads to the formation of a mixed counterion layer and a decrease in the concentration of monovalent ions at the micelle/ solution surface (6,7).
What is counter-ion example?
What is counter-ion binding?
What is the counterion in CaSO4?
When the sequential hydration energy for the additive water molecule (n-th) in a [CaSO4(H2O)n] cluster, AEseq,n, is approximately equal to the absolute value of the estimated dissociation energy of one water molecule from bulk liquid water or a water cluster, then an approximately saturated hydration shell may be …
How do you tell if an ion is a spectator?
Any dissolved ions that appear in the same form on both sides are spectator ions. Cross out the spectator ions to produce a net reaction. If all reactants and products cross out, then no reaction will occur.
What is a spectator ion examples?
Definition Examples. A spectator ion is one that does not participate in the chemical reaction; it is present both before and after the reaction takes place. In an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorate (NaOCl, bleach), sodium is a spectator ion: Na+ + OCl- + H2O Na+ + HOCl + OH-
How are chiral counterions used in phase transfer catalysis?
Hoffmann, H.M.R. et al.Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 4293 Dewick, P.M. Medicinal Natural Products Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons,2001 Asymmetric Phase Transfer Catalysis Asymmetric Phase Transfer Catalysis involves a chiral ion which facilitates migration of a charged species into the organic phase.
How is the fraction of condensed counter ions reduced?
The Manning theory states that the fraction of “condensed” counter ions is . At infinite dilution the Manning radius diverges and the actual concentration of ions close to the charged rod is reduced (in agreement with the law of dilution ).
When does a counterion condense to a polyion?
Counterion condensation. The counterion condensation phenomenon is commonly described by Manning’s theory (Manning 1969), which assumes that counterions can condense onto polyions until the charged density between neighboring monomer charges along the polyion chain is reduced below a certain critical value.
How is chiral induction achieved in catalysis?
Chiral induction is typically achieved through strongly directional chiral catalyst –substrate interactions N N S R” O Ph Ph H •Lewis Acid/Base Interactions •Hydrogen Bonds •Covalent Bonds •CoordinationBonds H O H NR” 2 R N+ B R -H 3B O Ph Me Coordination Bonds •Ion Pairing ? N COOH O Chi l Catalyst or or R R’ Rh P Ar P * ra Counterion Substrate
